Process Control and Instrumentation
The characteristic equation for the control system with a closed loop transfer function G₁/1 + G₂ is given by 1 + G₂ = 0. The characteristic equation for the control system

Is the same for set point or load changes
All of these
Depends only upon the open loop transfer function
Determines its stability

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Normal mercury thermometer can be used to measure a temperature of about 300°C. However, its maximum temperature measurement range can be increased upto about 500°C by

Filling nitrogen under pressure in the stem
Accounting for the tube expansion
Using steel tube in place of glass tube
Increasing the diameter of the tube

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