Process Control and Instrumentation
Temperature control of an exothermic chemical reaction taking place in a CSTR is done with the help of cooling water flowing in a jacket around the reactor. The types of valve and controller action to be recommended are

Air to open valve with the controller direct acting
Air to close valve with the controller direct acting
Air to open valve with the controller indirect acting
Air to close valve with the controller indirect acting

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Accurate temperature measurement performance of a radiation pyrometer can not be affected, if the

Object has varying emissivity
Object is transparent
Object and surrounding are at almost the same temperature
Enhancement or attentuation of redia-tion occurs in the sighting path

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