Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Circumferential pipewall tension
Temperature stresses
Axial tensile stress in the pipe
Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

Either A or B, whichever is smaller
Either A or B, whichever is larger
6% of I.D.
3 times the thickness

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