Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Temperature stresses
Axial tensile stress in the pipe
Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends
Circumferential pipewall tension

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to a shell and tube heat exchanger.

The maximum unsupported tube span is generally about 75 times tube diameter, but is reduced to about 60 times for aluminium, copper & alloys of these
Disk and doughnut baffle is the most commonly used baffle
The maximum value of baffle spacing is equal to the I.D. of the shell
The minimum value of baffle spacing is 50 mm

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

Guard against foaming & entrainment by dumping antifoaming agent through it
All of these
Keep a check on the liquid gradient over the plate by direct visual observation
Give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation

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