Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends
Temperature stresses
Axial tensile stress in the pipe
Circumferential pipewall tension

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

Either A or B, whichever is larger
6% of I.D.
3 times the thickness
Either A or B, whichever is smaller

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used
Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube
All of these
Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube

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