Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Axial tensile stress in the pipe
Circumferential pipewall tension
Temperature stresses
Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

Overall gas transfer units to the number of ideal trays required
Real trays required to the number of ideal trays required
None of these
Ideal trays required to the number of real trays required

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