Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends
Axial tensile stress in the pipe
Circumferential pipewall tension
Temperature stresses

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Feed is not at its bubble point
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small

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