Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends
Temperature stresses
Axial tensile stress in the pipe
Circumferential pipewall tension

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Both B & C
Is economical in operation
Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle

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