Theory of Machine
The velocity of piston in a reciprocating steam engine is given by (where ω = Angular velocity of crank, r = Radius of crank pin circle, θ = Angle turned by crank from inner dead center, and n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank)

ωr [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]
ωr [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]
ω²r [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]
ω²r [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3

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