Internal Combustion Engines
The reference fuels for knock rating of spark ignition engines would include

Normal octane and aniline
Normal heptane and iso-octane
Iso-octane and alpha-methyl naphthalene
Iso-octane and normal hexane

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Internal Combustion Engines
The exhaust valve in a four stroke cycle petrol engine

Opens at 50° after bottom dead center and closes at 15° before top dead center
Opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
Opens at 50° before bottom dead center and closes at 15° after top dead center
May open and close anywhere

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