Internal Combustion Engines
The reference fuels for knock rating of spark ignition engines would include

Normal heptane and iso-octane
Iso-octane and alpha-methyl naphthalene
Normal octane and aniline
Iso-octane and normal hexane

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle petrol engine, the expansion

Starts at 30° after top dead center and ends at 50° after bottom dead center
Starts at 30° before top dead center and ends at 50° before bottom dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at top dead center and ends at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
The brake power (B.P.) of the engine is given by (where W = Brake load or dead load in newtons, l = Length of arm in meters, N = Speed of engine in r.p.m., S = Spring balance reading in newtons, D = Dia. of brake drum in meters, and d = Dia. of rope in meters)

All of these
P = [(W - S) π (D + d) N]/60 watts
P = (Wl × 2πN)/60 watts
P = [(W - S) πDN]/60 watts

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