Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)

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Theory of Machine
The maximum fluctuation of speed is the

Variations of speed above and below the mean resisting torque line
Sum of maximum and minimum speeds
Difference of the maximum and minimum speeds
Difference of minimum fluctuation of speed and the mean speed

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