Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ

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Theory of Machine
When a mass of a critically damped single degree of freedom system is deflected from its equilibrium position and released, then it will

Oscillate with constant amplitude
Oscillate with increasing time period
Oscillate with decreasing amplitude
Return to equilibrium position without oscillation

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