Internal Combustion Engines
Which one of the following event would reduce volumetric efficiency of a vertical compression ignition engine?

Inlet valve closing before bottom dead center
Inlet valve closing after bottom dead center
Inlet valve opening before top dead center
Exhaust valve closing after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Detonation is harmful due to

Excessive turbulence which removes most of the insulating gas boundary layer from the cylinder walls
None of these
Increase in the rate of heat transfer, there is a reduction in the power output and efficiency of the engine
High intensity of knock causes crankshaft vibration and the engine runs rough

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