RCC Structures Design
The spacing of transverse reinforcement of column is decided by the following consideration.

The least lateral dimension of the column
Sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rods in the column
All listed here
Forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement

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RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²

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