Theory of Machine
The frictional torque transmitted in a flat collar bearing, considering uniform pressure, is (where r₁ and r₂ = External and internal radii of collar respectively)

(1/2). μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(2/3). μ W (r₁ + r₂)
(2/3). μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(1/2). μ W (r₁ + r₂)

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Theory of Machine
In gears, interference takes place when

Pitch of the gears is not same
Gears do not move smoothly in the absence of lubrication
Gear teeth are undercut
The tip of a tooth of a mating gear digs into the portion between base and root circles

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