Building Construction
In a colar beam roof

There is a horizontal tie at the feet of rafters only
There is no horizontal tie beam
There are two horizontal ties, one at the feet and other at the middle of the rafters
There is a horizontal tie at almost the middle of rafters only

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Building Construction
Raft foundations are used for:

Counter acting the hydrostatic effect
All listed here
Providing increased area of foundation over poor bearing capacity of soil
Spanning over small soft or loose pockets

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