Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴

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Theory of Machine
The relation l = (2/3).(j + 2) apply only to kinematic chains in which lower pairs are used. This may be used to kinematic chains in which higher pairs are used, but each higher pair may be taken as equivalent to

Any one of these
Two lower pairs and one additional link
Two lower pairs and two additional links
One lower pair and two additional links

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Theory of Machine
Angle of ascent of cam is defined as the angle

Moved by the cam from the instant the follower begins to rise, till it reaches its highest position
Of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower
Through which the cam rotates during the period in which the follower remains in highest position
During which the follower returns to its initial position

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