Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
All of these
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston

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Theory of Machine
In a band and block brake, the ratio of tensions on tight side and slack side of the band is (where μ = Coefficient of friction between the blocks and the drum, θ = Semi-angle of each block subtending at the center of drum, and n = Number of blocks)

T₁/T₂ = μ. θ. n
T₁/T₂ = [(1 - μ tanθ)/(1 + μ tanθ)]n
T₁/T₂ = [(1 + μ tanθ)/(1 - μ tanθ)]n
T₁/T₂ = (μ θ)n

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