Internal Combustion Engines
The injector nozzle of a compression ignition engine is required to inject fuel at a sufficiently high pressure in order to

Inject fuel in a chamber of high pressure at the end of compression stroke
Inject fuel at a high velocity to facilitate atomization
All of these
Ensure that penetration is not high

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Internal Combustion Engines
Flash point of fuel oil is

Temperature at which it solidifies or congeals
Indicated by 90% distillation temperature, i.e. when 90% of sample oil has distilled off
Minimum temperature to which oil is heated in order to give off inflammable vapours in sufficient quantity to ignite momentarily when brought in contact with a flame
Temperature at which it catches fire without external aid

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
May open and close anywhere
Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center

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