Internal Combustion Engines
Scavenging air in diesel engine means

Air used for combustion sent under pressure
Burnt air containing products of combustion
Forced air for cooling cylinder
Air used for forcing burnt gases out of engine's cylinder during the exhaust period

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Internal Combustion Engines
A hydraulic ram is a device used to

Store the energy of water
To lift small quantity of water to a greater height when a large quantity of water is available at a smaller height
To lift water from deep wells
Increase the pressure of water

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
May open and close anywhere
Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center

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