Machine Design
The initial tension (in newtons) in a bolt used for making a fluid tight joint like steam engine cover joints, is calculated by the relation (where d = Nominal diameter of bolt in mm)

2080 d
1680 d
2840 d
1420 d

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Machine Design
Which is correct statement? Stress concentration in cyclic loading is

Very serious in brittle materials and less serious in ductile materials
Seriousness would depend on other factors
Very serious in ductile materials and less serious in brittle materials
Equally serious in both types of materials

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