Machine Design
The initial tension (in newtons) in a bolt used for making a fluid tight joint like steam engine cover joints, is calculated by the relation (where d = Nominal diameter of bolt in mm)

2080 d
1680 d
2840 d
1420 d

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
All of these
Abrupt change of section
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member

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