Machine Design
The initial tension (in newtons) in a bolt used for making a fluid tight joint like steam engine cover joints, is calculated by the relation (where d = Nominal diameter of bolt in mm)

2840 d
1420 d
1680 d
2080 d

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Machine Design
A stud

Has pointed threads
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has both the ends threaded

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