Machine Design
The initial tension (in newtons) in a bolt used for making a fluid tight joint like steam engine cover joints, is calculated by the relation (where d = Nominal diameter of bolt in mm)

1680 d
1420 d
2840 d
2080 d

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Machine Design
In order to determine the stresses in a thin cylinder due to an internal pressure, it is assumed that

The effect of the restraining action of the heads at the end of the pressure vessel is neglected
All of these
The effect of curvature of the cylinder wall is neglected
The tensile stresses are uniformly distributed over the section of the walls

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Machine Design
Spring stiffness is

Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Load required to produce unit deflection
Its ability to absorb shocks
Its capability of storing energy

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