Heat Transfer
The heat transfer by radiation from a mild steel surface is to be reduced by reducing the emissivity of the surface. This can be best achieved by

Painting the surface black
Giving the surface a mirror finish
Roughening the surface
Painting the surface white (with aluminium paint)

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Heat Transfer
A process stream of dilute aqueous solution flowing at the rate of10 Kg.s⁻¹ is to be heated. Steam condensate at 95°C is available for heating purpose, also at a rate of 10 Kg.s⁻¹. A 1 - 1 shell and tube heat exchanger is available. The best arrangement is

Counter flow with process stream on tube side
Parallel flow with process stream on shell side
Counter flow with process stream on shell side
Parallel flow with process stream on tube side

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