Theory of Machine
The frictional torque transmitted in a flat pivot bearing, assuming uniform wear, is(Where μ = Coefficient of friction, W=Load over the bearing, R=Radius of bearing)

½μWR
²/₃ μWR
μwr
¾μWR

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Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r sinθ

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Theory of Machine
In gears, interference takes place when

The tip of a tooth of a mating gear digs into the portion between base and root circles
Gears do not move smoothly in the absence of lubrication
Pitch of the gears is not same
Gear teeth are undercut

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