Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in a pipe or channel is said to be uniform when

The quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant
The liquid particles at all sections have the same velocities
Each liquid particle has a definite path
The liquid particles at different sections have different velocities

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(IG/Ax̅) + x̅
(IG/x̅) - Ax̅
(IG/Ax̅) - x̅
(Ax̅/IG) + x̅

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