Automobile Engineering in ME
In a ventilated disc brake

A duct directs air towards the caliper for cooling while the vehicle is moving
Disc contains radial vanes between its rubbing surfaces for optimum cooling performance
Disc contains many small holes for optimum cooling performance
Caliper is covered with cooling fins

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Automobile Engineering in ME
The function of a radiator fan in the cooling system is that

It draws heat out of the engine compartment
It cools the engine by blowing air onto the cylinder block
It blows air through the radiator when necessary
It is turned by wind force as the vehicle moves forward, and its rotation drives the water pump

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Automobile Engineering in ME
The function of positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system is that it

Mixes fuel with air
Promotes combustion by creating a swirling movement in the air-fuel mixture
Feeds blow by gases to the exhaust manifold
Returns blow by gases from the crankcase to the intake system

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Automobile Engineering in ME
The function of a second ring is that it is a

Back up compression ring which will work in place of the top ring when it is broken
Compression ring and aids the top ring in sealing and cooling
Back up oil control ring which will work in place of the bottom ring when it is broken
Cushion ring which prevents piston slap and knock

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