Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The cavitation in reaction turbines is avoided, to a great extent by

All of these
Using stainless steel runner of the turbine
Providing highly polished blades to the runner
Installing the turbine below the tail race level

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is the ratio of

Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
Actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel
None of these
Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine

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