Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The cavitation in reaction turbines is avoided, to a great extent by

Installing the turbine below the tail race level
Providing highly polished blades to the runner
Using stainless steel runner of the turbine
All of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Stanton diagram is a

log-log plot of relative roughness against Reynolds number
semi-log plot of friction factor against relative roughness
log-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number
semi-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(IG/x̅) - Ax̅
(IG/Ax̅) - x̅
(Ax̅/IG) + x̅
(IG/Ax̅) + x̅

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