Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The cavitation in reaction turbines is avoided, to a great extent by

Using stainless steel runner of the turbine
All of these
Installing the turbine below the tail race level
Providing highly polished blades to the runner

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe is required to be replaced by a new pipe. The two pipes are said to be equivalent, if

Diameter of both the pipes is same
Loss of head and discharge of both the pipes is same
Length of both the pipes is same
Loss of head and velocity of flow in both the pipes is same

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