Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The cavitation in reaction turbines is avoided, to a great extent by

All of these
Providing highly polished blades to the runner
Installing the turbine below the tail race level
Using stainless steel runner of the turbine

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
If the elevation of hydraulic grade line at the junction of three pipes is above the elevation of reservoirs B and C and below reservoir A, then the direction of flow will be

from reservoir C to reservoirs A and B
unpredictable
from reservoir B to reservoirs C and A
from reservoir A to reservoirs B and C

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is the

Ratio of the actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel
None of these
Ratio of the work done on the wheel to the energy of the jet
Ratio of the actual power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine

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