Internal Combustion Engines
The brake power (B.P.) of the engine is given by (where W = Brake load or dead load in newtons, l = Length of arm in meters, N = Speed of engine in r.p.m., S = Spring balance reading in newtons, D = Dia. of brake drum in meters, and d = Dia. of rope in meters)

P = [(W - S) πDN]/60 watts
P = [(W - S) π (D + d) N]/60 watts
P = (Wl × 2πN)/60 watts
All of these

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Internal Combustion Engines
Which one of the following event would reduce volumetric efficiency of a vertical compression ignition engine?

Inlet valve closing before bottom dead center
Inlet valve closing after bottom dead center
Exhaust valve closing after top dead center
Inlet valve opening before top dead center

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