Machine Design
The ball bearings are provided with a cage

To prevent the lubricant from flowing out
To maintain the balls at a fixed distance apart
To reduce friction
To facilitate slipping of balls

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Machine Design
In cross or regular lay ropes

Direction of twist of wires and strands are same
Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands
Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction
Wires are not twisted

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Machine Design
Castle nut is a locking device in which

A slot is cut partly is middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw
One smaller nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter pin spitted and bent in reverse direction at other end
A hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is screwed on the bolt causing a tight grip

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Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire

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