Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest is

less than active earth pressure but greater than passive earth pressure
greater than active earth pressure but less than passive earth pressure
greater than both the active earth pressure and passive earth pressure
less than both the active and passive earth pressures

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
None of these
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane

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