Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

None of these
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The average coefficient of permeability of natural deposits

Parallel to stratification may or may not be greater than that perpendicular to stratification
Parallel to stratification is always less than that perpendicular to stratification
Parallel to stratification is always greater than that perpendicular to stratification
Is always same in both directions

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