Surveying
The altitude of a circumpolar star is maximum when it is

At lower culmination
At east elongation
At west elongation
At upper culmination

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Are also known as cumulative errors
Always follow some definite mathematical law
All listed here
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values

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