Surveying
The latitude of a place was obtained by subtracting the declination of a star from its zenith distance, the observed star was between

Horizon and equator
Pole and horizon
Zenith and pole
Equator and zenith

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
is less accurate than height of instrument method
quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights

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