Workshop Technology
Spot welding is used for welding

Lap joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm
Butt joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm
Lap joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness
Butt joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness

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Workshop Technology
Rotary swaging

Is extensively used for making bolts and rivets
Is used to improve fatigue resistance of the metal by setting up compressive stresses in its surface
Consists of pressing the metal inside a chamber to force it out by high pressure through an orifice which is shaped to provide the desired form of the finished part
Is used for reducing the diameters of round bars and a tube by rotating dies which open and close rapidly on the work

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Workshop Technology
The purpose of a riser is to

Feed the molten metal to the casting in order to compensate for the shrinkage
Act as a reservoir for the molten metal
Deliver molten metal into the mould cavity
Deliver the molten metal from pouring basin to gate

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