Workshop Technology
Piercing is an operation of cutting

A flat sheet to the desired shape
A number of holes evenly spaced in a regular pattern on a sheet of metal
A hole (other than cylindrical) in a sheet of metal by the punch and the die
A cylindrical hole in a sheet of metal by the punch and the die

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Workshop Technology
Rotary swaging

Consists of pressing the metal inside a chamber to force it out by high pressure through an orifice which is shaped to provide the desired form of the finished part
Is used for reducing the diameters of round bars and a tube by rotating dies which open and close rapidly on the work
Is extensively used for making bolts and rivets
Is used to improve fatigue resistance of the metal by setting up compressive stresses in its surface

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Workshop Technology
The purpose of a gate is to

Feed the molten metal to the casting in order to compensate for the shrinkage
Delivers molten metal from pouring basin to gate
Act as a reservoir for the molten metal
Delivers molten metal into the mould cavity

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