Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
All of these
Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D

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