RCC Structures Design
A pre-stressed concrete member is preferred because

Its dimensions are not decided from the diagonal tensile stress
Large size of long beams carrying large shear force need not be adopted
Removal of cracks in the members due to shrinkage
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RCC Structures Design
The spacing of transverse reinforcement of column is decided by the following consideration.

Sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rods in the column
The least lateral dimension of the column
Forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement
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RCC Structures Design
If p₁ and p₂ are mutually perpendicular principal stresses acting on a soil mass, the normal stress on any plane inclined at angle θ° to the principal plane carrying the principal stress p₁, is:

[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] sin 2θ
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] sin 2θ
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] cos 2θ

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