Electrical Machines
Semi closed slots or totally closed slots are used in induction motors, essentially to

 increase pull out torque
 improve starting torque
 decrease starting torque
 reduce magnetising current and improve power factor

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Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 shift forward by more than 90°
 shift forward by less than 90°
 coincide with the GNA
 shift forward by 90°

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