Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
An orifice is said to be large, if

The velocity of flow is large
The size of orifice is large
The available head of liquid is less than 5 times the height of orifice
The available head of liquid is more than 5 times the height of orifice

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