Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
Abrupt change of section
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
All of these

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Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side
It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process

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