Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³

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Theory of Machine
In a mechanism, the fixed instantaneous centers are those centers which

Vary with the configuration of the mechanism
Remain in the same place for all configurations of the mechanism
Moves as the mechanism moves, but joints are of permanent nature
None of the listed here

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