Surveying
Polaris is usually observed for the determination of the azimuth when it is

Neither at culmination nor at elongation
At culmination
At elongation
Either at culmination or at elongation

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
double sighting
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle

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