Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
double sighting

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Surveying
For mapping any country

All listed here
Primary triangles are broken down into secondary triangles of somewhat lesser accuracy
Geodetic triangulation of greatest possible sides and accuracy is carried out
Secondary triangles are further broken into third and fourth order triangles, the points of which are used for detail surveys

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Surveying
Spring tides are caused when

Sun and moon are in line with earth
None of these
Solar tidal force and lunar tidal force both coincide
Solar tidal force acts opposite to lunar tidal force

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