Surveying
While making astronomical observations, the observer is mainly concerned with

All listed here
The direction of the poles of the celestial sphere
The direction of the star from the instrument
The direction of the vertical, the axis of rotation of the instrument

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
double sighting
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle

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