Building Construction
In a colar beam roof

There is a horizontal tie at the feet of rafters only
There is no horizontal tie beam
There is a horizontal tie at almost the middle of rafters only
There are two horizontal ties, one at the feet and other at the middle of the rafters

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Building Construction
Grillage foundation

All listed here
Is light and economical
Does not require deep cutting as the required base area with required pressure intensity is obtained at a shallow depth
Is used to transfer heavy structural loads from steel columns to a soil having low bearing capacity

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