Mass Transfer
Overall efficiency of the distillation column is

Always more than the point efficiency
The ratio of number of actual plates to ideal plates
Same as the Murphree efficiency
The ratio of number of ideal plates to actual plates

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing

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Mass Transfer
Molecular diffusion is caused by the

Transfer of molecules from low concentration to high concentration region
Thermal energy of the molecules
Potential energy of the molecules
Activation energy of the molecules

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