Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, increases surface area

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Mass Transfer
McCabe-Thiele method

Is more accurate than Ponchan-Savarit method
Uses molal units for material and energy balance
Uses weight fractions to express liquid and vapour composition
Can use any type of units

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