Mass Transfer
As the reflux ratio, in a continuous counter-current extraction is increased, the number of stages

Can either increase or decrease, depends on the system
Remain unchanged
Decrease
Increase

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In towers packed with stacked packing
In dumped packing of regular units
At very high liquid flow rate

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area

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