Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube
All of these
Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used
Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

Equal to the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More than the tube diameter
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout

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