Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Both B & C
Is economical in operation

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C

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