Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir
Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
All of these
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Weep holes provided in the plates of a distillation column

All of these
Must be large enough (usually 1/4" to 5/8" dia) to prevent plugging but should not deliver excessive amount of fluid during operation
Facilitate draining out liquid from a tray when the unit is not in operation
Are normally located near the overflow weir so that any delivery of liquid during operation follows approximately the same path as the overflow fluid

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