Power Systems
Lightning arresters are used for

 protection of equipment from short circuits
 protection of equipment from open circuits
 protection of equipment from external lightning
All of these

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Power Systems
The value of off diagonal elements is

 which is connected between bus i and bus j with positive sign
 sum of admittances connected at bus j
 which is connected between bus i and bus j with negative sign
 sum of admittances connected at bus i

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