Mass Transfer
Molecular diffusion is caused by the

Activation energy of the molecules
Thermal energy of the molecules
Transfer of molecules from low concentration to high concentration region
Potential energy of the molecules

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Mass Transfer
Steam distillation is used to

Increase the total pressure of distillation
Avoid thermal decomposition of a component
Reduce the number of plates
Increase the efficiency of separation

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Mass Transfer
Plate efficiency

Increases due to liquid entrainment
Is a function of the mass transfer between liquid and vapour
Increases due to weeping and dumping of liquid
Increases due to foaming

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