Machine Design
In the case of an elastic bar fixed at upper end and loaded by a falling weight at lower end, the shock load produced can be decreased by

Remain unaffected with cross-section area
Increasing the cross-section area of bar
Decreasing the cross-section area of bar
Would depend upon other factors

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Machine Design
According to Rankine's theory, the failure occurs at a point in a member

When the strain energy per unit volume in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain energy at the elastic limit per unit volume as determined from a simple tension test
When the maximum shear stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the shear stress at elastic limit in a simple tension test
When the maximum principal strain in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain at the elastic limit as determined from a simple tension test
When the maximum principal stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the elastic limit of the material in a simple tension test

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