Theory of Machine
In the below figure, PC is the connecting rod and OC is the crank making an angle θ with the line of stroke PO and rotates with uniform angular velocity at ω rad/s. The Klien's acceleration diagram for determining the acceleration of the piston P is shown by quadrilateral CQNO, if N coincides with O, then

Acceleration and velocity of the piston P is zero
Acceleration of the piston P is maximum and its velocity is zero
Acceleration and velocity of the piston P is maximum
Acceleration of the piston P is zero and its velocity is maximum

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Theory of Machine
Cam angle is defined as the angle

Through which, the cam rotates during the period in which the follower remains in the highest position
During which the follower returns to its initial position
Of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower
Moved by the cam from the instant the follower begins to rise, till it reaches its highest position

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴

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Theory of Machine
In gears, interference takes place when

Gears do not move smoothly in the absence of lubrication
Gear teeth are undercut
The tip of a tooth of a mating gear digs into the portion between base and root circles
Pitch of the gears is not same

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