Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the allocated cap area, bubble caps are generally arranged on equilateral triangular pitch. Number of caps fixed on a plate is with a

Cap pitch of 1.3-2 times the cap diameter
Neither A nor B
Either A or B
Clearance of 25-75 mm

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes
Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle
Both B & C
Is economical in operation
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement

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