Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the allocated cap area, bubble caps are generally arranged on equilateral triangular pitch. Number of caps fixed on a plate is with a

Clearance of 25-75 mm
Cap pitch of 1.3-2 times the cap diameter
Neither A nor B
Either A or B

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel

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