Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
The critical section for finding maximum bending moment for footing under masonry wall is located

at the edge of the wall
halfway between the middle and edge of the wall
at the middle of the wall
at a distance equal to effective depth of footing from the edge of the wall

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Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
Minimum pitch of transverse reinforcement in a column is

the least lateral dimension of the member
sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
forty-eight times the diameter of transverse reinforcement
lesser of the above three values

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