Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side
It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side
It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process

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Machine Design
When the shaft rotates in anticlockwise direction at slow speed in a bearing, it will

Move towards right of the bearing making the metal to metal contact
Move towards right of the bearing making no metal to metal contact
Move towards left of the bearing making metal to metal contact
Have contact at the bottom most of the bearing

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
Abrupt change of section
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
All of these

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