Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire

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Machine Design
Set screws are

Similar to stud
Slotted for a screw driver and generally used with a nut
Similar to small size tap bolts except that a greater variety of shapes of heads are available
Used to prevent relative motion between parts

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Machine Design
In composite or reverse laid ropes

Direction of twist of wires and strands are same
Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction
Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands
Wires are not twisted

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